Basic Ear Anatomy Worksheet

1.What is the function of the following:
Pinna-Directs sound waves into the auditory canal.
Tympanic membrane-Turns the sound waves into sound vibrations.
Ossicles-Magnify the sound vibrations
Cochlea-Movement of fluids
Semicircular canals-Balance of the body, sends impulses to the brain to let it know your body is off balance, your brain would then send a message out for your body to correct itself.
3. What three bones make up the ossicles?
~The malleus, the incus, and the stapes.
4. What is the function of hairs in the ear?
~They stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.

Basic Nervous SYstem Anatomy

1.What does CNS and PNS stand for?
~Central Nervous System(CNS), and Periperal Nervous System(PNS)
2.What are the parts of the CNS?
~Brain and Spinal Cord
3.Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.
~Try not to use the bathroom on your self.
4.What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
~Sympathetic - controls the body in times of stress, worry, fear and emergency
~para-sympathetic - brings the body back to normal state ans allows for rest and relaxation to occur.
5.What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each?
~Sensory neuron - conducts the impulse from the foot to the CNS.
~motor neuron - -Carries the impulse from the CNS to your muscle for an action
~interneuron - Converts the impulse through the CNS
6.What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?
~the axon sends the end of a neuron. The dectrite is the receiving end.
7.What is a synapse?
~it is a sparking or jumping of a neural impulse from one neuron to another.
8.Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.
...............................................

Skeletal Muscle Physiology Worksheet

1.What percent of the body is smooth muscle? Striated muscle?
40% is striated muscle and 5% to 10% is smooth muscle
2.Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each?
Stroma - an inert structural element, or skeleton, to hold the rest of the structures in place.
Cellular - they are not specifically characteristic of muscle since they are also found in other metabolically active cells.
Contractile - tow types pf protein, myosin and actin, are essential for contraction.
3.What is a myofibril?
independent elements, each having a cylindrical geometry, which run the length of tge muscle fiber.
4.Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.
5.Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere.
Thick filament and thin filament
6.Draw a sarcomere at rest, stretched out and contracted.
7.What is the sliding filament theory?
The observations of the changes in the banding pattern during contraction have led to what is known as the "Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction".
8.Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what?
calcium ions

Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet

1. Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint?
because the bones making up the joint are united with strong fibrous tissue.
2.What is an example of a fibrous joint?
the sutures which hold together the bones of the skull
3.Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example.
It is formed where two bones are united by inervening fibrocartilage. The vertebrae of the spinal column are joined by intervertebral discs
4.What type of joint essentially allows free movement?
Synovial joints
5.What lubricates a joint cavity?
Synovial fluid
6.For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example.

Plane joint - gliding or sliping; slightly curved surface; carple bones in hand
Hinge joint - limited to rotation around a single axis; shaped like an irregular cylinder; elbow joint
Condylar joint - permits kinds of movement; shaped like an irregular cylinder; knee joint
Ball and Socket joint - in variety of directions; cup-shaped cavity; shoulder joint
Ellipsoidal joint - variety of directions; oval shaped; wrist joint
Pivot joint - pivot; a bony peg; elbow
Saddle joint - in a variety of directions; saddle shaped; thumb

The Digestive System Worksheet

1. What is the digestive tract?
~A long, continuous tube with food first entering at the mouth.
2. What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract?
~It exits out the anus along with dead cells, bacteria and other waste products.
3. Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters.
....................................................................
4. What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process?
~It brings the food into the body and breaks it down.
5. What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus?
~Bolus
6. What triggers peristalsis?
~The presence of the bolus in the esophagus.
7. What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?
~It closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from re-entering the esophagus.
8. What is the mucous membrane?
~A protective layer that lines the entire digestive tract.
9. How long is the small intestine?
~Over 20 feet.
10. Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place?
~In the small intestine.
11. What increase the surface area of the small intestine?
~Villi
12. What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function?
~The duodenum. its receptors can detect the presences of hypo- and hyper-tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chyme which, via the duodenum, affect the action of the entire gastrointestinal tract.
13. Where is bile stored?
~In the gallbladder
14. What is segmentation?
~A muscle contraction that breaks up the intestinal contents and mixes them with the digestive juices.
15. When does the ileocecal sphincter open?
~When the amount of food in the small intestine begins to build up.
16. What is the function of the anal sphincter?
~Stops waste from leaving the body until you want it to.
17. What is the function of the appendix in humans?
~There is no function for it in humans.
18. Where does digestion begin?
~In the mouth
19. What is gastric juice made of?
~A mixture of hydrochloric acid
20. Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced?
~By the pancreas or the the intestinal glands
21. What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? ~Amylase- completes the process of hydrolyzing starch; Maltase
22. There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method.
~Some diffuse across the intestinal membranes and into the blood simply by flowing along the concetration gradient. Others must be forced through the membrane against a gradient, since their concentration in the blood is alreadt greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.

The Heart Worksheet

1. All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?
~Closed Circulatory System
2. How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis?
~Through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature.
3. Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.
~Transport dissolved nutrients to all body cells, maintain homeostasis, carries hormones, and transpiorts gases.
4. What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?
~Arteries
5. What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called?
~Veins
6. What is the sac that surrounds the heart called?
~Pericardium
7. What is the muscular portion of the heart called?
~Myocardium
8. What is the lining of the myocardium called?
~Endocardium
9. What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities?
~Atrium and Ventricle
10. What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium?
~Pulmonary Veins; Superior Vena Cava and Inferioe Vena Cava
11. What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle?
~Aorta: vein