There are 5 basic life functions:
~Growth and Development
~Reproduce
~Respond to environment
~Nutrition
~Excertion
All living things have certain things in common:
~Adaptation to their environment
~Sensitive to environment
~ReproductionCellsThey grow and develop
The building blocks of life are.......
~cells
All cells in a human are not the same. Please give examples of at least two different types of cells in humans.
Why are cells not the same? Because they reflect the different functions they serve.
The first person to discover cells was Robert Hooke. He called them cells because they looked like monks' cells called cellula. He first saw cells when he was looking at a piece of cork under a microscope. The cell theory was created by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.
The three main ideas in the cell theory areCells are the basic unit of lifeAll cells arise from preexisting cellsAll organisms are made up of one or more cells
Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain the organelles chloroplast and a cell wall. All animal cells are covered in a cell membrane. The function of this is to protect the cell. The different parts of the cell are known as organelles. Each organelle has a specific function. The function of the nucleus is to provide the cell with its unique characteristics. The mitochondria are also known as the power centers of the cell because their function is to obtain energy from glucose by tissue respiration. Storage is the main function of the vacuole. Bacteria are interesting organisms. Bacterial cells do not have a membrane. Instead the chromosomes of the cell are located in the nucleoid. There are different types of transport used in cells as well. Diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is different than this because it requires ________________________________________ and _____________________________.
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
What organelle makes the energy used in active transport?
Is a virus a living cell?
~No
What is contained inside a virus?
~DNA and RNA
What is the only life function of a virus?
~to reproduce
Monday, May 19, 2008
Study Questions in Anatomy Text
Chapter 1: pg. 29
Critical Thinking:
2. In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness may threaten homeostasis, requiring treatments. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) body temperature, (b) blood oxygen concentration, and (c) water content?
4. If a patient complained of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of the discomfort, which organs located in this region might be the source of the pain?
~Intestines
Review Exercises
Part A:
2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
~Anatomy is the study of the brain and the structues of the body, Physiology is the study of the functions of the structures.
4. List and describe ten characteristics of life.
~Movement, Responsiveness, Growth, Reproduction, Respiration, Digestion, Absorption, Circulation, Assimilation, Excretion
6. List and describe five requirements of organisms.
~Water-it transports substances within organisms and is important in regulating body temperature, Food-provides prgansim with necessary chemicals, Oxygen-releases energy from nutrients, Heat-a form of energy, Pressure-an application of force on an object or substance, needed for blood pressure in humans which keeps blood flowing through blood vessels.
7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requirements you listed in item 6.
~becomes overheated the hypothalamus triggers a series of changes that promotes loss of body heat. Like when you sweat, sweat glands in the skin secret watery perspiration to cool the body off, another reason you need water. Also another homeostatic mechanism regulates the blood pressure in the blood blood vessels leading away from the heart. If your blood pressure goes to high up the brain signals the heart to fix it.
11. Describe how homeostatic mechanisms act by negative feedback.
~Receptors in the body detect when something is off balance and it turns on an effector. The effector then causes a reaction to restore the balance, when it's enouh to return the body into a state of balance the receptor turns off.
13. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.
~The axial portion includes the head, neck, and trunk. The appendicular portion includes the upper and lower limbs.
14. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name the smaller cavities within the each.
~The dorsal cavity is in the back and the ventral cavity is located in the front. Within the dorsal cavity is the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. Within the ventral cavity is the thoracic cavity, plueral cavity, pericardial cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity.
Part B
1. Name the body cavity housing each of the following organs:
a. stomach-Abdominal Cavity
b. heart-Pericardial Cavity
c. brain-Cranial Cavity
d. liver-Abdonimal Cavity
e. trachea-Thoracic Cavity
f. rectum-Abdominal Cavity
g. spinal cord-Spinal Cavity
h. esophagus-Thoracic Cavity
i. spleen-Abdonimal Cavity
j. urinary bladder-Pelvic Cavity
Chapter 3; pg 107-108
Critical Thinking:
1. Which process-diffusion, osmosis, or filtration-accounts for the following situations?
a. Injection of a drug that is hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain.
~Osmosis
b. A person with extremely low blood pressure stops producing urine.
~Diffusion
c. The concentration of urea in the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney is kept low.
~Filtration
Review Exercises:
2. Describe how the shapes of nerve, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions.
3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.
12. Describe the structures and functions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum-Smooth ER-breakdown of lipids, soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction; Rough ER-ribosomes lie on its surface and the proteins on these collect for transport throughout the cell.
b. ribosome-Are packets of RNA. Messenger RNA from the cell nucleus is moved along the ribosome while transfer RNA adds individual amino acid molecules to th lengething protein chain.
c. Golgi appartus-A stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in cell.
d. mitochondria-Provides energy
e. lysosome-Contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for inracellular digestion.
f. peroxisome-Responsible for protecting the cell against its own toxic hydrogen peroxide.
g. cilium-Microscopic. Hairlike processes on the exposed surfaces of the certain epithelial cells.
h. flagellum-Relatively long, motile processes that extend from the surface of a cell.
i. centrosome-An area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
j. vesicle-membranous, cytoplasmic sac formed by an infolding of the cell membrane.
k. microfilament-A protein filament found in golgi
l. microtubule-A protein filament found in golgi
13. Describe the structure of the nucleus and the functions of its contents. The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains DNA and is responsible for the unique characteristics of the cell.14. Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Chapter 5; pg 167
Review Exercises:
1. Define tissue.
~A group of cells performing a similar function.
2. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body.
~Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Tissue
Critical Thinking:
2. In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness may threaten homeostasis, requiring treatments. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) body temperature, (b) blood oxygen concentration, and (c) water content?
4. If a patient complained of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of the discomfort, which organs located in this region might be the source of the pain?
~Intestines
Review Exercises
Part A:
2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
~Anatomy is the study of the brain and the structues of the body, Physiology is the study of the functions of the structures.
4. List and describe ten characteristics of life.
~Movement, Responsiveness, Growth, Reproduction, Respiration, Digestion, Absorption, Circulation, Assimilation, Excretion
6. List and describe five requirements of organisms.
~Water-it transports substances within organisms and is important in regulating body temperature, Food-provides prgansim with necessary chemicals, Oxygen-releases energy from nutrients, Heat-a form of energy, Pressure-an application of force on an object or substance, needed for blood pressure in humans which keeps blood flowing through blood vessels.
7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requirements you listed in item 6.
~becomes overheated the hypothalamus triggers a series of changes that promotes loss of body heat. Like when you sweat, sweat glands in the skin secret watery perspiration to cool the body off, another reason you need water. Also another homeostatic mechanism regulates the blood pressure in the blood blood vessels leading away from the heart. If your blood pressure goes to high up the brain signals the heart to fix it.
11. Describe how homeostatic mechanisms act by negative feedback.
~Receptors in the body detect when something is off balance and it turns on an effector. The effector then causes a reaction to restore the balance, when it's enouh to return the body into a state of balance the receptor turns off.
13. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.
~The axial portion includes the head, neck, and trunk. The appendicular portion includes the upper and lower limbs.
14. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name the smaller cavities within the each.
~The dorsal cavity is in the back and the ventral cavity is located in the front. Within the dorsal cavity is the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. Within the ventral cavity is the thoracic cavity, plueral cavity, pericardial cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity.
Part B
1. Name the body cavity housing each of the following organs:
a. stomach-Abdominal Cavity
b. heart-Pericardial Cavity
c. brain-Cranial Cavity
d. liver-Abdonimal Cavity
e. trachea-Thoracic Cavity
f. rectum-Abdominal Cavity
g. spinal cord-Spinal Cavity
h. esophagus-Thoracic Cavity
i. spleen-Abdonimal Cavity
j. urinary bladder-Pelvic Cavity
Chapter 3; pg 107-108
Critical Thinking:
1. Which process-diffusion, osmosis, or filtration-accounts for the following situations?
a. Injection of a drug that is hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain.
~Osmosis
b. A person with extremely low blood pressure stops producing urine.
~Diffusion
c. The concentration of urea in the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney is kept low.
~Filtration
Review Exercises:
2. Describe how the shapes of nerve, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions.
3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.
12. Describe the structures and functions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum-Smooth ER-breakdown of lipids, soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction; Rough ER-ribosomes lie on its surface and the proteins on these collect for transport throughout the cell.
b. ribosome-Are packets of RNA. Messenger RNA from the cell nucleus is moved along the ribosome while transfer RNA adds individual amino acid molecules to th lengething protein chain.
c. Golgi appartus-A stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in cell.
d. mitochondria-Provides energy
e. lysosome-Contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for inracellular digestion.
f. peroxisome-Responsible for protecting the cell against its own toxic hydrogen peroxide.
g. cilium-Microscopic. Hairlike processes on the exposed surfaces of the certain epithelial cells.
h. flagellum-Relatively long, motile processes that extend from the surface of a cell.
i. centrosome-An area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
j. vesicle-membranous, cytoplasmic sac formed by an infolding of the cell membrane.
k. microfilament-A protein filament found in golgi
l. microtubule-A protein filament found in golgi
13. Describe the structure of the nucleus and the functions of its contents. The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains DNA and is responsible for the unique characteristics of the cell.14. Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Chapter 5; pg 167
Review Exercises:
1. Define tissue.
~A group of cells performing a similar function.
2. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body.
~Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Tissue
Organization of Human Body Worksheet
1. Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy is th study of the structures of your brain and body, physiology is the study of the functions of the structures
2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest:
system, tissue, organ, and cell. Cell, Tissue, Organ, and System
3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what?
Study Of
4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior?
Mucous Membrane
5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function?
Tissue
6. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses?
Nerve Tissue
7. The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what does it mean? What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean?
Derm-skin; Epi-upon, at, in additon
8. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean?
A cavity is any hole or hallow area.
9. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function.
Epidermis-covers entire body; Connective tissue-supports and protects; Muscle-specialized for contraction; Nerve-specialized for the conduction of neural impulse
10. A cell is made of cytoplasm except for the nucleus, which is made of tissue.
muscles
11. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones?
Fibrous Membrane
12. What is an organ system?
When two or more tissues combine; A group of organs specialized to perform a major body program
13. Name the five types of membranes and where each is located.
Cutaneous membrane- all over; Mucous Membrane-Lines all passage ways into the body; Fibrous Membrane-Lines all joints; Serous membrane-Lines closed cavities; Fascia Membrane-Covers muscles-blood vessels
14. What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus?
To protect the cell. Control center of the cell.
15. The cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of.
Epidermis-it’s harder skin n places where there’s more pressure. Dermis-lubricates hair and skin, regulates body temperature.
Anatomy is th study of the structures of your brain and body, physiology is the study of the functions of the structures
2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest:
system, tissue, organ, and cell. Cell, Tissue, Organ, and System
3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what?
Study Of
4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior?
Mucous Membrane
5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function?
Tissue
6. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses?
Nerve Tissue
7. The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what does it mean? What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean?
Derm-skin; Epi-upon, at, in additon
8. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean?
A cavity is any hole or hallow area.
9. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function.
Epidermis-covers entire body; Connective tissue-supports and protects; Muscle-specialized for contraction; Nerve-specialized for the conduction of neural impulse
10. A cell is made of cytoplasm except for the nucleus, which is made of tissue.
muscles
11. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones?
Fibrous Membrane
12. What is an organ system?
When two or more tissues combine; A group of organs specialized to perform a major body program
13. Name the five types of membranes and where each is located.
Cutaneous membrane- all over; Mucous Membrane-Lines all passage ways into the body; Fibrous Membrane-Lines all joints; Serous membrane-Lines closed cavities; Fascia Membrane-Covers muscles-blood vessels
14. What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus?
To protect the cell. Control center of the cell.
15. The cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of.
Epidermis-it’s harder skin n places where there’s more pressure. Dermis-lubricates hair and skin, regulates body temperature.
Tuesday, May 13, 2008
Drills on Diction Worksheet
1. adip - fat: adipose - Relating to animal fat
2. bio - life: biopsy - removal and examination of tissue, cells, or fluids from the living body
3. capit - head: decapitat - To cut off the head
4. cephal - head: cephalad - Toward the head or anterior end of the body
5. corp - body: corpus - the body of an animal or person, especially dead
6. crani - skull: cranium - the part that encloses the brain
7. dent - tooth: dental - of or relating to the teeth or dentistry
8. hist - tissue: histology - deals w/ the minute structure of animal and plant tissues
9. later - side: lateral - of, or relating to the side
10. ocul - eye: oculist - One skilled in treating diseases in the eye.
11. oste - bone: osteoblast - A bone forming cell
12. phag - eat: phagocyte - A cell that engulfs and consumes foreign material and debris
13. pleur - side: pleura - The delicate serous membrane that lines each half of the thorax of mammals and is folded back over the surface of the lung of the same side
14. quad - four: quadriceps - The greater extensor muscle of the front of the thigh that is divided into four parts
16. ab - without: abasia - Inability to walk due to muscle coordination.
17. ad - toward: adrenal - Of relating to or derived from the adrenal glands or their secretions
18. angi - vessel: angiography - the radiographic visualization of the blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque substance
19. auto -self: autograft - A tissue or organ that is transplanted from one part to another of the same body.
20. centi - hundred: centimeter - one hundredth part ofSentence: The short book is one centimeter thick.
21. circum - around: circumflex - curving around
22. dextro - right: dextrad - : To or toward the right side
23. epi - upon: epigastric - of, relating to, supplying, or draining the anterior walls of the abdomen.
24. ex - out of: excision - the act or procedure of removing by or as if by cutting out
25. inter - between: interrenal - between the kidneys
26. non - not: nonviable - not capable of living or developing
27. ortho - straight: orthopedic - marked by or affected with a skeletal deformity, disorder, or injury
28. path - disease: pathology - The study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them
29. pseudo - false: pseudopod - the temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells
30. sinistro - left: sinistrad - toward the left side
31. cide - kill: aborticide - a drug that causes abortion.
32. itis - inflame: hepatitis - inflammation of the liver.
33. logy - study of: histology - deals w/ the minute structure of animal and plant tissues
34. meter - measure: pedometer - An instrument usually in watch form that records the distance a person covers on foot by responding to the body motion at each step
35. plasty - formed: osteoplasty - plastic surgery on bone
36. scope - examine: otoscope - an instrument w/ lighting and magnifying systems used for visual examination of the tympanic membrane and the canal connecting it to the exterior of the body
2. bio - life: biopsy - removal and examination of tissue, cells, or fluids from the living body
3. capit - head: decapitat - To cut off the head
4. cephal - head: cephalad - Toward the head or anterior end of the body
5. corp - body: corpus - the body of an animal or person, especially dead
6. crani - skull: cranium - the part that encloses the brain
7. dent - tooth: dental - of or relating to the teeth or dentistry
8. hist - tissue: histology - deals w/ the minute structure of animal and plant tissues
9. later - side: lateral - of, or relating to the side
10. ocul - eye: oculist - One skilled in treating diseases in the eye.
11. oste - bone: osteoblast - A bone forming cell
12. phag - eat: phagocyte - A cell that engulfs and consumes foreign material and debris
13. pleur - side: pleura - The delicate serous membrane that lines each half of the thorax of mammals and is folded back over the surface of the lung of the same side
14. quad - four: quadriceps - The greater extensor muscle of the front of the thigh that is divided into four parts
16. ab - without: abasia - Inability to walk due to muscle coordination.
17. ad - toward: adrenal - Of relating to or derived from the adrenal glands or their secretions
18. angi - vessel: angiography - the radiographic visualization of the blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque substance
19. auto -self: autograft - A tissue or organ that is transplanted from one part to another of the same body.
20. centi - hundred: centimeter - one hundredth part ofSentence: The short book is one centimeter thick.
21. circum - around: circumflex - curving around
22. dextro - right: dextrad - : To or toward the right side
23. epi - upon: epigastric - of, relating to, supplying, or draining the anterior walls of the abdomen.
24. ex - out of: excision - the act or procedure of removing by or as if by cutting out
25. inter - between: interrenal - between the kidneys
26. non - not: nonviable - not capable of living or developing
27. ortho - straight: orthopedic - marked by or affected with a skeletal deformity, disorder, or injury
28. path - disease: pathology - The study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them
29. pseudo - false: pseudopod - the temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells
30. sinistro - left: sinistrad - toward the left side
31. cide - kill: aborticide - a drug that causes abortion.
32. itis - inflame: hepatitis - inflammation of the liver.
33. logy - study of: histology - deals w/ the minute structure of animal and plant tissues
34. meter - measure: pedometer - An instrument usually in watch form that records the distance a person covers on foot by responding to the body motion at each step
35. plasty - formed: osteoplasty - plastic surgery on bone
36. scope - examine: otoscope - an instrument w/ lighting and magnifying systems used for visual examination of the tympanic membrane and the canal connecting it to the exterior of the body
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
Human Development Video
Name the molecule that carries our genes.
~DNA
2. Genes are located in the (DNA)
3. What is the number of sperm the average man produces in a second?
~1,000
4. How can one person produce so many different combinations of genes?
~Miosis
5. Most human cells have a total number of (6) chromosomes.
6. The gene shuffling that occurs from mitosis results in a great amount of this?
~Diversity
7. Where in the female reproductive tract does the egg wait for fertilization?
~Fallopian tubes
8. How does the egg move through the Fallopian tube?
~Muscular contractions and cilia
9. Approximately how many sperm are contained within one teaspoon of seminal liquid?
~300 million
10. What are some of the challenges that sperm face once entering into the vagina?
~Because of acididty, they must escape or die.
11. Describe the milestone event that takes place two weeks after conception?
~Gasterolation
12. Describe the size and physical characteristics of the fetus at 4 and 1/2 weeks following conception.
~It's an 1/5 of an inch long, the backbone curves like a tail and the brain is developing and on the side of the face is an eye.
13. If the DNA in a single cell were stretched out, how long would it be? 6 ft. long
14. After about how many weeks can doctors determine the sex of the baby from ultrasound?
~18 weeks
15. Aside from the ultrasound, how can a doctor determine the sex of a baby?
~Chromosomes
16. At what point does the embryo become a fetus?
~Starting 2 months after being fertilized.
17. When does the placenta begin to form?
~In the early weeks.
18. What is the fetus’s job in the last trimester?
~To grow.
19. Why are human births so much more dangerous than other mammals?
~Because the human brain is 3-4 times bigger and we have a more narrow pelvis.
~DNA
2. Genes are located in the (DNA)
3. What is the number of sperm the average man produces in a second?
~1,000
4. How can one person produce so many different combinations of genes?
~Miosis
5. Most human cells have a total number of (6) chromosomes.
6. The gene shuffling that occurs from mitosis results in a great amount of this?
~Diversity
7. Where in the female reproductive tract does the egg wait for fertilization?
~Fallopian tubes
8. How does the egg move through the Fallopian tube?
~Muscular contractions and cilia
9. Approximately how many sperm are contained within one teaspoon of seminal liquid?
~300 million
10. What are some of the challenges that sperm face once entering into the vagina?
~Because of acididty, they must escape or die.
11. Describe the milestone event that takes place two weeks after conception?
~Gasterolation
12. Describe the size and physical characteristics of the fetus at 4 and 1/2 weeks following conception.
~It's an 1/5 of an inch long, the backbone curves like a tail and the brain is developing and on the side of the face is an eye.
13. If the DNA in a single cell were stretched out, how long would it be? 6 ft. long
14. After about how many weeks can doctors determine the sex of the baby from ultrasound?
~18 weeks
15. Aside from the ultrasound, how can a doctor determine the sex of a baby?
~Chromosomes
16. At what point does the embryo become a fetus?
~Starting 2 months after being fertilized.
17. When does the placenta begin to form?
~In the early weeks.
18. What is the fetus’s job in the last trimester?
~To grow.
19. Why are human births so much more dangerous than other mammals?
~Because the human brain is 3-4 times bigger and we have a more narrow pelvis.
Monday, May 5, 2008
Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle Worksheet
1. What is a hormone?
~Hormones are chemicals which are produced in one part of the body and have effect on another.
2. What system is responsible for the production of hormones?
~Reproductive system
3. Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
..................................................
4. Where does the embryo undergo most of its development?
~Uterus
5. What is another name for the fallopian tube?
~Oviduct
6. Where does fertilization take place?
~the fillopian tubes
7. What is ovulation?
~A process in which an egg is released from the ovary
8. What is the follicle converted to?
~A corpus luteum
9. What happens during the flow phase?
~Hormone production by the ovaries ceases and the uterine lining sloughs off.
10. What happens during the follicular phase?
~The developing follicle enlarges and produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to thicken.
11. What happens during the luteal phase?
~a hormone from the pituitary converts the follicle to a corpus luteum.
12. What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase?
~thickrning Uterine wall
13. What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle?
~FSH, LH, Estrogen, and Progesterone
14. As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is?
~Developing
15. When the follicle ruptures it releases what?
~Egg
16. What is considered the hormone of pregnancy?
~Progesterone
17. What is the rhythm method?
~There is a period of 3-4 days when pregnancy can occur, after ovulation the egg remains fertile for about 24 hrs. and sperm can remain fertile for about 48 hours or more.
18. What do you call a couple using the rhythm method?
~Parenting
19. What is menopause? What causes it?
~The halting of the menstrual cycle which occurs at around the age of 45-50 in most women. The cause is the cessation of LH secretion by the pituitary.
20. When does fertilization occur?
~After ovulation
21. When is a zygote formed?
~When fertilization occurs
22. What is a placenta?
~The organ which is made of embryo and uterine tissues that aids in exchange of matrerials
~Hormones are chemicals which are produced in one part of the body and have effect on another.
2. What system is responsible for the production of hormones?
~Reproductive system
3. Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
..................................................
4. Where does the embryo undergo most of its development?
~Uterus
5. What is another name for the fallopian tube?
~Oviduct
6. Where does fertilization take place?
~the fillopian tubes
7. What is ovulation?
~A process in which an egg is released from the ovary
8. What is the follicle converted to?
~A corpus luteum
9. What happens during the flow phase?
~Hormone production by the ovaries ceases and the uterine lining sloughs off.
10. What happens during the follicular phase?
~The developing follicle enlarges and produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to thicken.
11. What happens during the luteal phase?
~a hormone from the pituitary converts the follicle to a corpus luteum.
12. What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase?
~thickrning Uterine wall
13. What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle?
~FSH, LH, Estrogen, and Progesterone
14. As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is?
~Developing
15. When the follicle ruptures it releases what?
~Egg
16. What is considered the hormone of pregnancy?
~Progesterone
17. What is the rhythm method?
~There is a period of 3-4 days when pregnancy can occur, after ovulation the egg remains fertile for about 24 hrs. and sperm can remain fertile for about 48 hours or more.
18. What do you call a couple using the rhythm method?
~Parenting
19. What is menopause? What causes it?
~The halting of the menstrual cycle which occurs at around the age of 45-50 in most women. The cause is the cessation of LH secretion by the pituitary.
20. When does fertilization occur?
~After ovulation
21. When is a zygote formed?
~When fertilization occurs
22. What is a placenta?
~The organ which is made of embryo and uterine tissues that aids in exchange of matrerials
Thursday, May 1, 2008
Male and Female Reproductive Systems Worksheet
1.What is the purpose of the reproductive system?
Production of offspring
2.What is the function of the ovaries?
To produce the ova and the female hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
3.What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus?
The fallopian Tubes
4.What is the name of the lining of the uterus?
Endometrium
5.Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located.
Fundus - the uppermost or top portion of the uterus
Body - the middle portion
Cervix - the neck like portion that opens down towards the vagina or birth canal.
6.What is the female organ of copulation?
vagina
7.Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina.
8.What is the male organ of copulation?
penis
9.What are the two functions of the urethra in the male?
In the unrinary system it passes urine from the bladder to the external surface of the body. In the reproductive system it serves as a passageway for the semen to the outside of the body.
10.What are the two functions of the testes?
Production of sperm cells and secreation of an endocrine substance, the male sex hormone.
11.What is the name of the structure where the testes are located?
Scrotum
12.Why are the testes located outside the body?
because if it is inside of the body then the sperm will die because the body heat is too hot for them.
13.Where do sperm mature?
In the Epididymis
14.What is the vas deferens?
a small tube which connects the epididymis and ejaculatory duct.
15.What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation?
seminal vesicles
16.What are the functions of the prostate gland?
secretes an alkaline fluid to keep the sperm mobile and protect them from the acid secretion of the female vagina.
17.What is semen?
made up of sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate and cowper's glands.
18.Sketch a picture of the male reproductive system. Include the following: penis, seminal vesicles, epididymis, cowper’s gland, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, ejaculatory duct. You guys will need to do this in paint. Sorry, but I am not there to get the drawings by hand.
Production of offspring
2.What is the function of the ovaries?
To produce the ova and the female hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
3.What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus?
The fallopian Tubes
4.What is the name of the lining of the uterus?
Endometrium
5.Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located.
Fundus - the uppermost or top portion of the uterus
Body - the middle portion
Cervix - the neck like portion that opens down towards the vagina or birth canal.
6.What is the female organ of copulation?
vagina
7.Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina.
8.What is the male organ of copulation?
penis
9.What are the two functions of the urethra in the male?
In the unrinary system it passes urine from the bladder to the external surface of the body. In the reproductive system it serves as a passageway for the semen to the outside of the body.
10.What are the two functions of the testes?
Production of sperm cells and secreation of an endocrine substance, the male sex hormone.
11.What is the name of the structure where the testes are located?
Scrotum
12.Why are the testes located outside the body?
because if it is inside of the body then the sperm will die because the body heat is too hot for them.
13.Where do sperm mature?
In the Epididymis
14.What is the vas deferens?
a small tube which connects the epididymis and ejaculatory duct.
15.What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation?
seminal vesicles
16.What are the functions of the prostate gland?
secretes an alkaline fluid to keep the sperm mobile and protect them from the acid secretion of the female vagina.
17.What is semen?
made up of sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate and cowper's glands.
18.Sketch a picture of the male reproductive system. Include the following: penis, seminal vesicles, epididymis, cowper’s gland, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, ejaculatory duct. You guys will need to do this in paint. Sorry, but I am not there to get the drawings by hand.
Monday, April 28, 2008
Basic Ear Anatomy Worksheet
1.What is the function of the following:
Pinna-Directs sound waves into the auditory canal.
Tympanic membrane-Turns the sound waves into sound vibrations.
Ossicles-Magnify the sound vibrations
Cochlea-Movement of fluids
Semicircular canals-Balance of the body, sends impulses to the brain to let it know your body is off balance, your brain would then send a message out for your body to correct itself.
3. What three bones make up the ossicles?
~The malleus, the incus, and the stapes.
4. What is the function of hairs in the ear?
~They stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.
Pinna-Directs sound waves into the auditory canal.
Tympanic membrane-Turns the sound waves into sound vibrations.
Ossicles-Magnify the sound vibrations
Cochlea-Movement of fluids
Semicircular canals-Balance of the body, sends impulses to the brain to let it know your body is off balance, your brain would then send a message out for your body to correct itself.
3. What three bones make up the ossicles?
~The malleus, the incus, and the stapes.
4. What is the function of hairs in the ear?
~They stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.
Basic Nervous SYstem Anatomy
1.What does CNS and PNS stand for?
~Central Nervous System(CNS), and Periperal Nervous System(PNS)
2.What are the parts of the CNS?
~Brain and Spinal Cord
3.Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.
~Try not to use the bathroom on your self.
4.What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
~Sympathetic - controls the body in times of stress, worry, fear and emergency
~para-sympathetic - brings the body back to normal state ans allows for rest and relaxation to occur.
5.What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each?
~Sensory neuron - conducts the impulse from the foot to the CNS.
~motor neuron - -Carries the impulse from the CNS to your muscle for an action
~interneuron - Converts the impulse through the CNS
6.What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?
~the axon sends the end of a neuron. The dectrite is the receiving end.
7.What is a synapse?
~it is a sparking or jumping of a neural impulse from one neuron to another.
8.Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.
...............................................
~Central Nervous System(CNS), and Periperal Nervous System(PNS)
2.What are the parts of the CNS?
~Brain and Spinal Cord
3.Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.
~Try not to use the bathroom on your self.
4.What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
~Sympathetic - controls the body in times of stress, worry, fear and emergency
~para-sympathetic - brings the body back to normal state ans allows for rest and relaxation to occur.
5.What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each?
~Sensory neuron - conducts the impulse from the foot to the CNS.
~motor neuron - -Carries the impulse from the CNS to your muscle for an action
~interneuron - Converts the impulse through the CNS
6.What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?
~the axon sends the end of a neuron. The dectrite is the receiving end.
7.What is a synapse?
~it is a sparking or jumping of a neural impulse from one neuron to another.
8.Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.
...............................................
Skeletal Muscle Physiology Worksheet
1.What percent of the body is smooth muscle? Striated muscle?
40% is striated muscle and 5% to 10% is smooth muscle
2.Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each?
Stroma - an inert structural element, or skeleton, to hold the rest of the structures in place.
Cellular - they are not specifically characteristic of muscle since they are also found in other metabolically active cells.
Contractile - tow types pf protein, myosin and actin, are essential for contraction.
3.What is a myofibril?
independent elements, each having a cylindrical geometry, which run the length of tge muscle fiber.
4.Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.
5.Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere.
Thick filament and thin filament
6.Draw a sarcomere at rest, stretched out and contracted.
7.What is the sliding filament theory?
The observations of the changes in the banding pattern during contraction have led to what is known as the "Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction".
8.Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what?
calcium ions
40% is striated muscle and 5% to 10% is smooth muscle
2.Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each?
Stroma - an inert structural element, or skeleton, to hold the rest of the structures in place.
Cellular - they are not specifically characteristic of muscle since they are also found in other metabolically active cells.
Contractile - tow types pf protein, myosin and actin, are essential for contraction.
3.What is a myofibril?
independent elements, each having a cylindrical geometry, which run the length of tge muscle fiber.
4.Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.
5.Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere.
Thick filament and thin filament
6.Draw a sarcomere at rest, stretched out and contracted.
7.What is the sliding filament theory?
The observations of the changes in the banding pattern during contraction have led to what is known as the "Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction".
8.Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what?
calcium ions
Tuesday, April 22, 2008
Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet
1. Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint?
because the bones making up the joint are united with strong fibrous tissue.
2.What is an example of a fibrous joint?
the sutures which hold together the bones of the skull
3.Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example.
It is formed where two bones are united by inervening fibrocartilage. The vertebrae of the spinal column are joined by intervertebral discs
4.What type of joint essentially allows free movement?
Synovial joints
5.What lubricates a joint cavity?
Synovial fluid
6.For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example.
Plane joint - gliding or sliping; slightly curved surface; carple bones in hand
Hinge joint - limited to rotation around a single axis; shaped like an irregular cylinder; elbow joint
Condylar joint - permits kinds of movement; shaped like an irregular cylinder; knee joint
Ball and Socket joint - in variety of directions; cup-shaped cavity; shoulder joint
Ellipsoidal joint - variety of directions; oval shaped; wrist joint
Pivot joint - pivot; a bony peg; elbow
Saddle joint - in a variety of directions; saddle shaped; thumb
because the bones making up the joint are united with strong fibrous tissue.
2.What is an example of a fibrous joint?
the sutures which hold together the bones of the skull
3.Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example.
It is formed where two bones are united by inervening fibrocartilage. The vertebrae of the spinal column are joined by intervertebral discs
4.What type of joint essentially allows free movement?
Synovial joints
5.What lubricates a joint cavity?
Synovial fluid
6.For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example.
Plane joint - gliding or sliping; slightly curved surface; carple bones in hand
Hinge joint - limited to rotation around a single axis; shaped like an irregular cylinder; elbow joint
Condylar joint - permits kinds of movement; shaped like an irregular cylinder; knee joint
Ball and Socket joint - in variety of directions; cup-shaped cavity; shoulder joint
Ellipsoidal joint - variety of directions; oval shaped; wrist joint
Pivot joint - pivot; a bony peg; elbow
Saddle joint - in a variety of directions; saddle shaped; thumb
Thursday, April 17, 2008
The Digestive System Worksheet
1. What is the digestive tract?
~A long, continuous tube with food first entering at the mouth.
2. What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract?
~It exits out the anus along with dead cells, bacteria and other waste products.
3. Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters.
....................................................................
4. What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process?
~It brings the food into the body and breaks it down.
5. What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus?
~Bolus
6. What triggers peristalsis?
~The presence of the bolus in the esophagus.
7. What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?
~It closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from re-entering the esophagus.
8. What is the mucous membrane?
~A protective layer that lines the entire digestive tract.
9. How long is the small intestine?
~Over 20 feet.
10. Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place?
~In the small intestine.
11. What increase the surface area of the small intestine?
~Villi
12. What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function?
~The duodenum. its receptors can detect the presences of hypo- and hyper-tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chyme which, via the duodenum, affect the action of the entire gastrointestinal tract.
13. Where is bile stored?
~In the gallbladder
14. What is segmentation?
~A muscle contraction that breaks up the intestinal contents and mixes them with the digestive juices.
15. When does the ileocecal sphincter open?
~When the amount of food in the small intestine begins to build up.
16. What is the function of the anal sphincter?
~Stops waste from leaving the body until you want it to.
17. What is the function of the appendix in humans?
~There is no function for it in humans.
18. Where does digestion begin?
~In the mouth
19. What is gastric juice made of?
~A mixture of hydrochloric acid
20. Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced?
~By the pancreas or the the intestinal glands
21. What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? ~Amylase- completes the process of hydrolyzing starch; Maltase
22. There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method.
~Some diffuse across the intestinal membranes and into the blood simply by flowing along the concetration gradient. Others must be forced through the membrane against a gradient, since their concentration in the blood is alreadt greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.
~A long, continuous tube with food first entering at the mouth.
2. What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract?
~It exits out the anus along with dead cells, bacteria and other waste products.
3. Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters.
....................................................................
4. What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process?
~It brings the food into the body and breaks it down.
5. What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus?
~Bolus
6. What triggers peristalsis?
~The presence of the bolus in the esophagus.
7. What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?
~It closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from re-entering the esophagus.
8. What is the mucous membrane?
~A protective layer that lines the entire digestive tract.
9. How long is the small intestine?
~Over 20 feet.
10. Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place?
~In the small intestine.
11. What increase the surface area of the small intestine?
~Villi
12. What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function?
~The duodenum. its receptors can detect the presences of hypo- and hyper-tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chyme which, via the duodenum, affect the action of the entire gastrointestinal tract.
13. Where is bile stored?
~In the gallbladder
14. What is segmentation?
~A muscle contraction that breaks up the intestinal contents and mixes them with the digestive juices.
15. When does the ileocecal sphincter open?
~When the amount of food in the small intestine begins to build up.
16. What is the function of the anal sphincter?
~Stops waste from leaving the body until you want it to.
17. What is the function of the appendix in humans?
~There is no function for it in humans.
18. Where does digestion begin?
~In the mouth
19. What is gastric juice made of?
~A mixture of hydrochloric acid
20. Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced?
~By the pancreas or the the intestinal glands
21. What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? ~Amylase- completes the process of hydrolyzing starch; Maltase
22. There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method.
~Some diffuse across the intestinal membranes and into the blood simply by flowing along the concetration gradient. Others must be forced through the membrane against a gradient, since their concentration in the blood is alreadt greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.
Tuesday, April 1, 2008
The Heart Worksheet
1. All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?
~Closed Circulatory System
2. How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis?
~Through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature.
3. Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.
~Transport dissolved nutrients to all body cells, maintain homeostasis, carries hormones, and transpiorts gases.
4. What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?
~Arteries
5. What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called?
~Veins
6. What is the sac that surrounds the heart called?
~Pericardium
7. What is the muscular portion of the heart called?
~Myocardium
8. What is the lining of the myocardium called?
~Endocardium
9. What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities?
~Atrium and Ventricle
10. What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium?
~Pulmonary Veins; Superior Vena Cava and Inferioe Vena Cava
11. What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle?
~Aorta: vein
~Closed Circulatory System
2. How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis?
~Through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature.
3. Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.
~Transport dissolved nutrients to all body cells, maintain homeostasis, carries hormones, and transpiorts gases.
4. What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?
~Arteries
5. What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called?
~Veins
6. What is the sac that surrounds the heart called?
~Pericardium
7. What is the muscular portion of the heart called?
~Myocardium
8. What is the lining of the myocardium called?
~Endocardium
9. What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities?
~Atrium and Ventricle
10. What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium?
~Pulmonary Veins; Superior Vena Cava and Inferioe Vena Cava
11. What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle?
~Aorta: vein
Monday, March 3, 2008
Thursday, February 21, 2008
Basic Skeletal Anatomy Worksheet
1. Describe the 4 functions of bones.
Supporting the body
Protecting internal organs
Provide muscle attachment
Blood Cell Production
2. How many bones are there in the human body?
206
3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Name 5 specific bones in each division.
Axal Skeleton - Skull, Sternum, clavicle, Vertebral column, and rib cage.
Appendicular skeleton - humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, and femur.
4. What bone makes up the upper arm?
Scapula and humerus
5. What bone makes up the face?
Skull
6. Name two bones that protect vital internal organs.
Rib cage and pelvis
7. What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side?
Ulna
8. What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to?
Vertabral column
9. What bone is also known as the shin bone?
tibia
10. Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage.
Supporting the body
Protecting internal organs
Provide muscle attachment
Blood Cell Production
2. How many bones are there in the human body?
206
3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Name 5 specific bones in each division.
Axal Skeleton - Skull, Sternum, clavicle, Vertebral column, and rib cage.
Appendicular skeleton - humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, and femur.
4. What bone makes up the upper arm?
Scapula and humerus
5. What bone makes up the face?
Skull
6. Name two bones that protect vital internal organs.
Rib cage and pelvis
7. What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side?
Ulna
8. What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to?
Vertabral column
9. What bone is also known as the shin bone?
tibia
10. Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage.
Monday, February 4, 2008
Study Questions in Anatomy Text
Chapter 1: page 29
Critical Thinking Questions: 2 and 4
2. In many states, death is defined as "irreversible cessation of total brain function, "How is death defined in your state? How is thid definition related to the characteristics of life?
~Ive never really thougt about death as anything but every funtion in your body has shut
shut down. I really dont know what the definition related to the characteristics of life
4. If a patient complained of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of discomfort which organs located in this region might be the cause of the pain.
~ colon , large intestine, large intestine , bladder, cecum, and gallbladder.
Review Exercises:
Part A: 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, and 14
2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology
~ Anatomy is the branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts and Physiology is the branch of science that studies body function.
4. List and discribe ten characteristics of life.
~ a. Movement - cahanging body position or moving internal parts.
b. Responsiveness - sensing and reacting to internal or external changes.
c. Growth - increasing in size without changing in shape.
d. Reproduction - producting offspring.
e. Respiration - obtaining oxygen, using oxygen to release energy from foods, and removing gaseous and wastes.
f. Disgestion - breaking down food substances into forms that can be absorbed.
g. Absorption - moving substances through membrances and into body fluids.
h. Circulation - moving substances through the body in body fluids.
i. Assimilation - changing substances into chemically different forms.
j. Excretion - removing body wastes.
6. List and describe five requirements of organisms.
~ water is used in many metabolic processes, provides the environment for metabolic reactions, and transports substance.
~ Nutrients supply energy, raw materials for building substances,a nd chemicals necessary in vital reaction.
~ Oxygen is used in releasing energy from nutrients; this energy drives metabolic reactions.
~ Heat is a product of metabolic reactions and helps contrl rates of these reactions.
~ Pressure is an application of force; in humans, atmospheric and hydrrostatic pressures help breathing and blood movements, respectively.
7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requierments you listed in item 6.
~if an organism is to survive, the condtions within its body fluids must remain relatively stable.
~The tendency to maintain a stable internal environment is called homeostais.
~Homeostatic mechanisms include those that regulate body temperature, blood pressure. and blood glucose concentration.
~Homeostatic mechanisms employnegative feedback.
11.Describe how homestatic mechanisms act by negative feedback.
~homeostasis is the consequence of a self-regulating control system that operates by a mechanism called negative feedback.
13.Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.
~the human organism can be divided into an axial portions, which includes the head, neckm and trunk, and an appendicular portion, which includes the upper and lower limbs.
14.Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and the smaller cavities within each.
~ventral cavity- hollow place within the body including the thoracic, abdominal, and pekvic cavities. and dorsal cavity-a hollow space in the posterior portion of the body containing the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
Part B: 1 and 3
1. Name the body cavity housing ecach of the following organs:
~stomach-abdominal cavity
~heart-thoracic cavity
~brain-dorsal cavity
~liver-abdominal cavity
~trachea - thoracic cavity
~rectum - dorsal cavity
~ spinal cordventral cavity
~esophagus-dorsal cavity
~spleen- ventral cavity
~ urinary bladder-pelvic cavity
3. Prepare a sketch of a human body, and use lines to indicate each of the following sections:
?
Chapter 3: page 107 - 108
Critical Thinking Questions: 1
1. Which process-diffusion, osmosis, or filtration-accounts for the following situations?
Review Exercises: 2, 3, 12, 13, and 14
2. Describe how the shapes pf nerves, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions.
~
3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.
~ Cell membrane- the outermost limit of a cell, but it is more than a simple boundary surrounding the cellular contents.
12. Describe the structures and fuctions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum -
b. ribosome -
c. Golgi apparatus -
Chapter 5: page 167
Review Exercises: 1, 2, and 12
Critical Thinking Questions: 2 and 4
2. In many states, death is defined as "irreversible cessation of total brain function, "How is death defined in your state? How is thid definition related to the characteristics of life?
~Ive never really thougt about death as anything but every funtion in your body has shut
shut down. I really dont know what the definition related to the characteristics of life
4. If a patient complained of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of discomfort which organs located in this region might be the cause of the pain.
~ colon , large intestine, large intestine , bladder, cecum, and gallbladder.
Review Exercises:
Part A: 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, and 14
2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology
~ Anatomy is the branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts and Physiology is the branch of science that studies body function.
4. List and discribe ten characteristics of life.
~ a. Movement - cahanging body position or moving internal parts.
b. Responsiveness - sensing and reacting to internal or external changes.
c. Growth - increasing in size without changing in shape.
d. Reproduction - producting offspring.
e. Respiration - obtaining oxygen, using oxygen to release energy from foods, and removing gaseous and wastes.
f. Disgestion - breaking down food substances into forms that can be absorbed.
g. Absorption - moving substances through membrances and into body fluids.
h. Circulation - moving substances through the body in body fluids.
i. Assimilation - changing substances into chemically different forms.
j. Excretion - removing body wastes.
6. List and describe five requirements of organisms.
~ water is used in many metabolic processes, provides the environment for metabolic reactions, and transports substance.
~ Nutrients supply energy, raw materials for building substances,a nd chemicals necessary in vital reaction.
~ Oxygen is used in releasing energy from nutrients; this energy drives metabolic reactions.
~ Heat is a product of metabolic reactions and helps contrl rates of these reactions.
~ Pressure is an application of force; in humans, atmospheric and hydrrostatic pressures help breathing and blood movements, respectively.
7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requierments you listed in item 6.
~if an organism is to survive, the condtions within its body fluids must remain relatively stable.
~The tendency to maintain a stable internal environment is called homeostais.
~Homeostatic mechanisms include those that regulate body temperature, blood pressure. and blood glucose concentration.
~Homeostatic mechanisms employnegative feedback.
11.Describe how homestatic mechanisms act by negative feedback.
~homeostasis is the consequence of a self-regulating control system that operates by a mechanism called negative feedback.
13.Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.
~the human organism can be divided into an axial portions, which includes the head, neckm and trunk, and an appendicular portion, which includes the upper and lower limbs.
14.Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and the smaller cavities within each.
~ventral cavity- hollow place within the body including the thoracic, abdominal, and pekvic cavities. and dorsal cavity-a hollow space in the posterior portion of the body containing the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
Part B: 1 and 3
1. Name the body cavity housing ecach of the following organs:
~stomach-abdominal cavity
~heart-thoracic cavity
~brain-dorsal cavity
~liver-abdominal cavity
~trachea - thoracic cavity
~rectum - dorsal cavity
~ spinal cordventral cavity
~esophagus-dorsal cavity
~spleen- ventral cavity
~ urinary bladder-pelvic cavity
3. Prepare a sketch of a human body, and use lines to indicate each of the following sections:
?
Chapter 3: page 107 - 108
Critical Thinking Questions: 1
1. Which process-diffusion, osmosis, or filtration-accounts for the following situations?
Review Exercises: 2, 3, 12, 13, and 14
2. Describe how the shapes pf nerves, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions.
~
3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.
~ Cell membrane- the outermost limit of a cell, but it is more than a simple boundary surrounding the cellular contents.
12. Describe the structures and fuctions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum -
b. ribosome -
c. Golgi apparatus -
Chapter 5: page 167
Review Exercises: 1, 2, and 12
Wednesday, January 9, 2008
terms
Terms:
frontal plane - pertaining to the forehead.
sagittal plane - A plane or section that divides a structure into right and left portion.
transverse plane - At right angles to the long axis of a part; crosswise.
medial - Toward or near the midline.
superficial - near the surface.
superior - pertaining to a structure that is higher than another structure.
inferior - Situated below something else; pertaining to the lower surface of a part.
anterior - Pertaining to the front.
posterior - Toward the back; opposite of anterior.
distal - farther from the midline or orgin; opposite of proximal.
proximal - Closer to the midline or orgin; opposite of distal.
flexion - Bending at a joint to decrease the angle between bones.
extension - Movement increasing the angle between parts at a joint.
pronation - Movement of the palm downward or backward.
supine - lying on the back, face or front upward.
abduction - Movement of a body part away away from the midline.
adduction - Movement of a body part toward the midline.
circumduction - Movement of a body part, such as a limb, so that the end follows a circular path. inversion - Movent in which the sole of the foot i sturned inward.
eversion - Outward turning movement of the sole of the foot.
elevation - Upward movement of a part of the body.
depression - Downward displacement.
anatomical position - A body postture with the body erect, the face forward, the arms at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the toes pointing straight ahead.
dorsal -pertaining to the back
ventral - Pertaining to the front and anterior
interior - further toward a center
exterior - being on the outer side
peripheral - pertaining to parts located near the surface or toward the outside.
lateral - pertaining to th eside.
frontal plane - pertaining to the forehead.
sagittal plane - A plane or section that divides a structure into right and left portion.
transverse plane - At right angles to the long axis of a part; crosswise.
medial - Toward or near the midline.
superficial - near the surface.
superior - pertaining to a structure that is higher than another structure.
inferior - Situated below something else; pertaining to the lower surface of a part.
anterior - Pertaining to the front.
posterior - Toward the back; opposite of anterior.
distal - farther from the midline or orgin; opposite of proximal.
proximal - Closer to the midline or orgin; opposite of distal.
flexion - Bending at a joint to decrease the angle between bones.
extension - Movement increasing the angle between parts at a joint.
pronation - Movement of the palm downward or backward.
supine - lying on the back, face or front upward.
abduction - Movement of a body part away away from the midline.
adduction - Movement of a body part toward the midline.
circumduction - Movement of a body part, such as a limb, so that the end follows a circular path. inversion - Movent in which the sole of the foot i sturned inward.
eversion - Outward turning movement of the sole of the foot.
elevation - Upward movement of a part of the body.
depression - Downward displacement.
anatomical position - A body postture with the body erect, the face forward, the arms at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the toes pointing straight ahead.
dorsal -pertaining to the back
ventral - Pertaining to the front and anterior
interior - further toward a center
exterior - being on the outer side
peripheral - pertaining to parts located near the surface or toward the outside.
lateral - pertaining to th eside.
Tuesday, January 8, 2008
My answers
My favorite color is yellow. I have two brothers one is 14 and the other is 19. I dont have a job right now but I am looking. I dont know what my service learning assignment is yet, but i really want it to be nursing. Something unique about me is that I can sing.
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